Discussion
A broadcast monitor shows the modulation index reaching 1.2 on speech peaks while the average sits near 0.4.
What is the consequence?
Answer: D
Over-modulation on peaks produces envelope clipping and spectral splatter during those peaks, which is heard as distortion and appears as interference in adjacent channels; the average index is irrelevant to whether the peaks are legal. That is why broadcasters run a peak limiter rather than trusting average levels. Carrier power is set by the transmitter and does not sag. Nothing shifts the carrier frequency. And an acceptable average does not licence peaks above unity.
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