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Consider the following statements :

(a) Every non-negative harmonic function on \(\mathbf{C}\) is constant.
(b) Every harmonic function on \(\mathbf{C} - \{0\}\) has a harmonic conjugate

Then :

  • A.only (a) is true
  • B.only (b) is true
  • C.both (a) and (b) are true
  • D.both (a) and (b) are false

Answer: A

The answer is only (a) is true.

(a) is Liouville's theorem for harmonic functions: a harmonic function on the whole plane that is bounded below (here by 0) is constant. One proof applies Harnack's inequality, or writes \(u = \mathrm{Re} f\) with \(f\) entire and applies Liouville to \(e^{-f}\), which is bounded.

(b) is false because \(\mathbf{C} - \{0\}\) is not simply connected. The function \(\log|z|\) is harmonic there, but its harmonic conjugate would have to be \(\arg z\), which cannot be defined continuously around the origin.

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