Discussion
Which analysis is the most powerful tool for direct identification as well as determination of constitutent minerals and has been extensively used in research ?
Answer: B
The tool is X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Every crystalline mineral has a characteristic arrangement of atoms, which diffracts X-rays at a set of angles fixed by Bragg's law, \(n\lambda = 2d\sin\theta\). The resulting pattern is a fingerprint, so XRD identifies minerals directly and, with quantitative methods such as Rietveld analysis, measures how much of each is present.
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) images surface shape and texture. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identifies chemical bonds and functional groups, useful but less definitive for minerals. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measures the size of particles in suspension, not their mineral identity.
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