Discussion
Why does the beam of a phased array broaden as it is scanned away from broadside?
Answer: B
Seen from an angle, the projected aperture is the physical one multiplied by the cosine of the scan angle, so it appears smaller and the beam is correspondingly wider. Gain falls by the same factor. At sixty degrees the aperture is halved and three decibels of gain is lost, which is why planar arrays are rarely scanned much beyond that. Element pattern and coupling do vary with angle but the cosine law is the dominant and predictable effect. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.
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