Discussion
A planar array is scanned to 60 degrees from broadside. What is the approximate scan loss?
Answer: C
The projected aperture falls by the cosine of the scan angle:
\[ 10\log_{10}(\cos 60^{\circ}) = 10\log_{10} 0.5 \approx -3 \]
so about 3 dB is lost, before any element pattern roll off is counted. This cosine law sets the practical scan limit of a planar array and is the reason radars needing full hemispherical coverage use three or four faces rather than one.
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