Discussion
Why does an antenna's measured gain include the effect of the ground when installed?
Answer: B
A reflecting surface produces an image whose field adds to the direct one, producing lobes and nulls in elevation and often several decibels of gain at particular angles. The height above ground in wavelengths determines where those lobes fall, which is why broadcast antenna heights are chosen so carefully. Ground does change the impedance too, absorbs only partially, and gain is perfectly well defined for an installed antenna provided the environment is stated.
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