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What is the practical effect of mounting a horizontal antenna a tenth of a wavelength above ground?

  • A.Radiation is concentrated at the horizon
  • B.The pattern becomes omnidirectional in elevation
  • C.The antenna radiates nothing at all
  • D.Radiation is directed almost straight up

Answer: D

The image in the ground is out of phase for a horizontal element, so at low heights the two nearly cancel at low angles and what remains is directed steeply upward. This near vertical incidence arrangement is used deliberately for regional communication over a few hundred kilometres. It is not a failure to radiate but a redistribution, and it illustrates once again that an antenna's pattern belongs to the whole installation rather than to the element alone.

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