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Why are uncertainty contributions usually combined in quadrature?

  • A.Quadrature addition always gives a smaller and more favourable total
  • B.The standard requires quadrature addition regardless of the sources
  • C.It compensates for contributions that have not been identified at all
  • D.They are independent, so their variances rather than their magnitudes add

Answer: D

Independent random contributions add as the square root of the sum of squares, which is the correct statistical treatment and reflects that they are unlikely all to be at their extremes at once. Correlated contributions must be added linearly instead, which is why the independence has to be justified rather than assumed. The result is indeed smaller, but that is a consequence rather than a reason, and unidentified contributions are not covered by any method of combination.

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