Discussion
What phase variation across the test aperture does the far field criterion allow?
Answer: B
The two D squared over lambda criterion corresponds to a maximum path error of a sixteenth of a wavelength, that is about twenty two and a half degrees of phase, across the aperture. That is small enough that the measured gain is within about a tenth of a decibel. Zero would indeed require infinite range, which is why a tolerance is defined at all, and the larger figures would produce serious errors. Every practical criterion is a tolerance rather than an ideal.
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