Discussion
The ortho− , para− directing and deactivating group in aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction is
Answer: C
The ortho, para directing but deactivating group is \(\mathrm{-Cl}\).
Halogens pull in two directions. Chlorine is strongly electronegative, so its -I (inductive) effect withdraws electron density from the ring and makes it less reactive than benzene: it deactivates. But its lone pairs can be donated by resonance (+R) into the ring, which places extra electron density, and stabilises the attack intermediate, at the ortho and para positions. So the electrophile is directed ortho and para.
\(\mathrm{-CH_{3}}\) and \(\mathrm{-OH}\) are also ortho, para directors but they activate the ring. \(\mathrm{-NO_{2}}\) and \(\mathrm{-COOH}\) deactivate the ring and direct to the meta position.
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