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Which structure results from that instability?

  • A.A field of convective cells arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern across the whole depth of the layer
  • B.A single large overturning
  • C.A series of gravity waves propagating away from the interface without any overturning occurring at all
  • D.A train of billows rolling up along the interface

Answer: D

The interface rolls up into a regular train of vortices, sometimes made visible by a thin cloud layer and photographed many times. The billows break down into turbulence and mix the layer, which raises the Richardson number and terminates the instability. Convective cells arise from buoyancy alone and are a quite different structure. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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