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Which plume behaviour corresponds to very unstable conditions?

  • A.Looping
  • B.Fanning, in which the plume spreads horizontally but not vertically because the stable layer suppresses mixing
  • C.Coning
  • D.Lofting, in which the plume disperses upward but is prevented from reaching the ground by a stable layer below

Answer: A

In very unstable conditions large thermals carry the plume up and down in a looping pattern, bringing high concentrations to the ground intermittently close to the stack. Fanning occurs in stable conditions, coning in neutral ones and lofting where a stable layer lies beneath an unstable one. The plume shape is a direct visual indicator of the stability class. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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