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Which known bias affects model stable boundary layers?

  • A.Excessive mixing keeping the layer too warm and too deep
  • B.Insufficient mixing, which makes the modelled inversion far stronger than any that is observed in reality
  • C.No bias exists
  • D.A systematic error in the surface pressure, which propagates upward and distorts the temperature profile above

Answer: A

Models commonly apply more mixing than the physics warrants in stable conditions, partly to avoid runaway cooling and numerical difficulties, which leaves the modelled inversion too weak and the surface too warm. Nocturnal minimum temperatures are correspondingly overpredicted. The problem has proved stubborn and is an active area of parameterisation development. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.

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