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Which pollutant shows the steepest gradient away from a road?

  • A.Ozone, whose concentration is greatest immediately beside the road where the emissions are most concentrated
  • B.Sulphur dioxide
  • C.Fine particulate matter, whose long atmospheric lifetime makes its concentration uniform across a whole region
  • D.Nitrogen dioxide

Answer: D

Nitrogen dioxide is emitted directly by vehicles and has a short lifetime, so concentrations fall sharply within tens of metres of a busy road. Fine particles have a regional component that dilutes the gradient. Ozone behaves in the opposite sense, being destroyed by fresh nitric oxide emissions and therefore lowest beside the road, which makes that option instructive as well as wrong. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.

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