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Which application uses Lagrangian dispersion models operationally?

  • A.Weather forecasting
  • B.Estimating the annual average exposure of a population to fine particulate matter across a whole country
  • C.Forecasting the spread of volcanic ash or radioactive material
  • D.Predicting the daily mean concentration at a roadside monitoring station within a city centre location

Answer: C

Emergency response for volcanic eruptions, nuclear accidents and chemical releases relies on Lagrangian models driven by forecast winds, since the plume must be tracked over hours to days across large distances. The Eyjafjallajokull eruption made this capability widely known. Long term average exposure is usually estimated with simpler and cheaper approaches. Checking the units of each quantity catches a wrong formula before the arithmetic begins.

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