Discussion
Which observation identifies upward propagating gravity wave energy?
Answer: A
Because the group velocity is perpendicular to the phase velocity and directed on the opposite side of the horizontal, a wave carrying energy upward shows phase lines descending with time. Radiosonde and radar time-height sections are read this way routinely. Amplitude does grow with height as the density falls, but that is a separate consequence of energy conservation rather than an indicator of direction. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.
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