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Which consequence follows from that amplitude growth?

  • A.The wave dissipates smoothly
  • B.The wave slows down until it becomes stationary relative to the ground at the level of maximum amplitude
  • C.The wave eventually breaks and deposits its momentum
  • D.The wave is reflected back downward once its amplitude exceeds a critical threshold at some level

Answer: C

Once the wave amplitude is large enough to overturn the isentropes, the wave breaks, generating turbulence and depositing its momentum flux into the mean flow. This drag is the principal driver of the mesospheric circulation and must be parameterised in climate models. Reflection occurs at certain levels for other reasons, and smooth dissipation is far too slow to matter at these altitudes. The shared properties explain why these belong to one family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.

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