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Which source generates gravity waves in the troposphere?

  • A.Radiative cooling
  • B.The horizontal advection of temperature by the geostrophic wind across a region of strong thermal gradient
  • C.Flow over mountains
  • D.The condensation of water vapour into cloud droplets within a slowly ascending layer of stratiform cloud

Answer: C

Stably stratified flow forced over a mountain range generates waves whose phase lines are stationary relative to the ground, and these mountain waves are a principal source of momentum flux into the stratosphere. Convection and jet stream imbalance are the other two major sources. Radiative cooling and thermal advection act too slowly and too smoothly to excite waves of any significant amplitude. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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