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Which condition allows lee waves to form downstream of a ridge?

  • A.Neutral stratification through a deep layer so that a displaced parcel experiences no restoring force
  • B.Very light winds
  • C.A wind direction that changes rapidly with height so that the flow crosses the ridge at varying angles
  • D.Stable stratification with wind increasing with height

Answer: D

Trapped lee waves require a stable layer with the wind increasing with height, which creates a duct that reflects wave energy downward and allows a train of waves to persist far downstream. Neutral stratification supports no waves at all, light winds cannot force them, and strong directional shear disrupts the coherence of the train. Glider pilots exploit exactly these conditions. The shared properties explain why these belong to one family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.

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