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Which orographic feature forces stationary planetary waves in the northern hemisphere?

  • A.The Andes and the Southern Alps, which together dominate the topography of the southern hemisphere instead
  • B.The Sahara desert
  • C.The Gulf Stream, whose sea surface temperature gradient provides a strong thermal forcing of the flow
  • D.The Rocky Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau

Answer: D

The two great northern hemisphere mountain barriers force stationary waves of zonal wavenumber two and three, which is why the northern hemisphere has a much stronger stationary wave pattern than the southern. Land-sea thermal contrast contributes as well. The southern hemisphere topography is much smaller in extent, which is why its flow is more nearly zonally symmetric. Framing the question as which quantity the change acts upon makes the answer follow without calculation.

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