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Which season permits planetary waves to reach the stratosphere?

  • A.Both equally
  • B.Spring and autumn only, when the stratospheric winds are weakest and the critical speed is most easily met
  • C.Winter
  • D.Summer, when the stratospheric winds are easterly and offer no resistance to upward propagating waves

Answer: C

Only in winter are the stratospheric winds westerly and weak enough for the longest planetary waves to propagate upward, which is why sudden stratospheric warmings occur only then. Summer easterlies block propagation completely, making the summer stratosphere quiescent. The equinoctial transitions are brief and the winds are changing rapidly through them.

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