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Which dramatic event results from planetary wave breaking in the stratosphere?

  • A.The formation of the ozone hole, which results from chemical destruction on polar stratospheric cloud surfaces
  • B.The quasi-biennial oscillation
  • C.The semi-annual oscillation of the equatorial winds near the stratopause at about fifty kilometres altitude
  • D.A sudden stratospheric warming

Answer: D

Breaking planetary waves decelerate and sometimes reverse the winter polar vortex, driving descent over the pole and temperature rises of tens of kelvin within a few days. Major warmings occur roughly every other winter in the northern hemisphere. The ozone hole is a chemical phenomenon, and the quasi-biennial and semi-annual oscillations are driven by equatorial waves of much shorter wavelength. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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