Discussion
Which process removes an initial imbalance from the flow?
Answer: D
An unbalanced state radiates inertia-gravity waves that carry away the imbalance within a few hours, leaving a balanced residual whose scale is set by the Rossby radius of deformation. This is why the atmosphere is observed to be close to balance almost everywhere despite continual forcing. Friction and diabatic heating act far more slowly and instability generates rather than removes departures from the mean state. Reading the definition literally, rather than recalling a formula, is the reliable route through questions of this shape.
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