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Which speed does the Madden-Julian Oscillation propagate at?

  • A.About 20 metres per second, which is comparable with the speed of the mean flow in the upper troposphere
  • B.About 5 metres per second
  • C.About 50 metres per second, which is the speed of a dry equatorial Kelvin wave in the first baroclinic mode
  • D.About 0.5 metres per second

Answer: B

The convective envelope moves eastward at roughly 5 metres per second across the warm pool, far slower than a dry Kelvin wave, which is the central puzzle the theory must explain. The slowing is attributed to the interaction between the wave and the moisture field. Once past the dateline the circulation signal speeds up as it decouples from the convection. A limit that survives making every external component ideal is an intrinsic one, and worth knowing for that reason.

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