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Which difficulty do models have with this oscillation?

  • A.Models cannot resolve it
  • B.Models produce it only when the convective parameterisation is switched off entirely during the integration
  • C.Many propagate it too fast or too weakly
  • D.Models represent it accurately but the observations are too sparse to verify the simulated behaviour

Answer: C

Simulating the oscillation with the correct amplitude and propagation speed has been a longstanding difficulty, and it is closely tied to the treatment of convection and its coupling to moisture. Improvements in convective parameterisation have gradually improved matters. The phenomenon is large enough to be well resolved and is thoroughly documented by satellite observation, so neither resolution nor data is the limitation. The shared properties explain why these belong to one family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.

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