Discussion
A radiosonde time-height section over a mountain range shows phase lines descending steadily with time.
What does this indicate?
Answer: C
For internal gravity waves the group velocity is perpendicular to the phase velocity with the opposite vertical sign, so descending phase lines indicate upward energy transport. This is the standard method of identifying tropospheric sources of stratospheric wave activity. A stationary wave would show vertical phase lines, and critical level absorption produces a rapid shortening of the vertical wavelength instead. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.
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