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Which resonance can amplify a mountain wave response dramatically?

  • A.Alignment of the ridge with the Coriolis force
  • B.Equality between the wind speed at the crest and the speed of sound within the air above the barrier
  • C.Matching of the forcing scale to a trapped wave mode
  • D.Coincidence of the wave frequency with the buoyancy frequency of the layer through which it is passing

Answer: C

When the horizontal scale of the terrain matches a trapped wave mode of the atmospheric profile, the lee wave response is resonantly amplified and can produce severe downslope windstorms. The Boulder windstorm of 1972 is the classic documented example. Buoyancy frequency matching describes a different situation and the other options have no dynamical basis.

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