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Which instability produces the billows seen in some cloud layers?

  • A.Conditional symmetric instability, which produces the banded structure sometimes observed in frontal cloud
  • B.Kelvin-Helmholtz instability
  • C.Rayleigh-Benard convection, which produces the regular cellular patterns seen in shallow cloud layers instead
  • D.Baroclinic instability

Answer: B

Where the vertical shear is strong enough to overcome the stratification, with a Richardson number below one quarter, the interface rolls up into a train of billows that are sometimes made visible by a thin cloud layer. The same instability generates clear air turbulence near the jet stream. Rayleigh-Benard convection, baroclinic instability and symmetric instability all operate on quite different scales and mechanisms. A single measurement chosen to respond to the one asymmetry beats several that respond to shared behaviour.

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