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Which practical hazard does that instability produce near the jet stream?

  • A.Airframe icing, which occurs when supercooled droplets freeze on impact with the leading edges of a wing
  • B.Volcanic ash encounter
  • C.Wake vortex turbulence generated by a preceding aircraft and persisting in the flight path behind it
  • D.Clear air turbulence

Answer: D

Strong shear near the tropopause can reduce the Richardson number below the critical value, producing Kelvin-Helmholtz billows in cloud-free air that give sudden severe turbulence with no visual warning. It is a significant cause of in-flight injury. Icing requires cloud, ash requires an eruption, and wake vortices are generated by aircraft rather than by the atmosphere. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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