Discussion
A reading is low and the standards were made in pure water. What should be suspected?
Answer: D
Standards in water and samples in a real matrix differ in viscosity and chemistry, and both suppress the signal, so the sample reads low against a calibration that never saw the matrix. A lamp, monochromator or detector fault would affect standards and samples alike. That a systematic error affecting only one of two otherwise identical measurements points at what differs between them is the first step in any such diagnosis. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.
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