Discussion
Two-factor theory, that is a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning, is one of the explanations of :
Answer: D
Two-factor theory explains avoidance learning.
O. H. Mowrer's two-factor theory says avoidance is learned in two stages. First, by classical conditioning, a warning signal paired with shock comes to arouse fear. Second, by operant conditioning, any response that removes the signal is negatively reinforced by the reduction of fear, so the animal learns to respond before the shock arrives.
Generalization and discrimination are properties of any conditioned response, and shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations in operant learning; none needs a combination of the two kinds of conditioning to explain it.
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