Discussion
An engine runs at an air-fuel ratio of \( 13.2 \) against a stoichiometric \( 14.7 \). Its lambda value is
Answer: A
Lambda is the actual ratio divided by the stoichiometric one, \( 13.2/14.7 = 0.898 \). A value this far below one is well outside the three-way catalyst's window and would give high carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.
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