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Transformation is

  • A.the transfer of genetic information through the agency of free DNA
  • B.the transfer of a portion of the DNA from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage
  • C.the transfer of genes from donor cell to recipient by means of physical contact
  • D.a random, undirected, heritable variation caused by an alteration in the nucleotide sequence at some point of the DNA of the cell 

Answer: A

Correct answer: the transfer of genetic information through the agency of free DNA

Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA from the surroundings by a competent cell - the phenomenon Griffith observed in 1928 and Avery explained in 1944, and the one that identified DNA as the genetic material. The alternatives describe the other two mechanisms of bacterial gene transfer: transduction, by a bacteriophage, and conjugation, by cell-to-cell contact.

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