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Which combined effect do friction and surface heat flux have?

  • A.They lower the critical shear so that instability occurs more readily than the dry inviscid theory predicts
  • B.They have no effect on the criterion at all
  • C.They shift the most unstable wavelength towards shorter values without altering the critical shear needed
  • D.They raise the critical shear required for growth

Answer: D

Both processes damp the surface boundary wave, weakening the interaction that drives growth and requiring a larger shear before instability sets in. Including them brings theory closer to observation. This is why storms develop preferentially where the shear is strongest rather than wherever any shear exists at all.

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