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Which type of weather system does baroclinic instability produce?

  • A.The thunderstorm
  • B.The mountain lee wave, which forms where stable flow is forced over a barrier and oscillates downstream
  • C.The mid-latitude cyclone
  • D.The tropical cyclone, which draws its energy from the latent heat supplied by a warm ocean surface

Answer: C

Travelling mid-latitude depressions with their attendant fronts are the direct manifestation of baroclinic instability, forming in the strong horizontal temperature gradients of the mid-latitudes. Tropical cyclones are driven by surface heat fluxes in a nearly barotropic environment, thunderstorms by conditional instability, and lee waves by forced flow over topography. Assigning each weather system to the instability or forcing that creates it is a useful organising exercise across the whole of dynamical meteorology.

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