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Which surface weather accompanies the positive phase of that mode in Europe?

  • A.Cold dry conditions across the whole of the continent as Arctic air is drawn southward over the region
  • B.Persistent fog
  • C.Frequent easterly winds bringing continental air westward across the region from the interior of Asia
  • D.Mild and wet conditions in the north

Answer: D

A strong polar vortex and a northward shifted storm track bring frequent Atlantic depressions to northern Europe, giving mild wet winters, while southern Europe is drier. The negative phase reverses this, with blocking and cold outbreaks. Understanding the index as a shift of the storm track rather than a change in its intensity is what makes the regional pattern predictable. Naming the cost of a choice alongside its benefit is what turns a fact into a design decision.

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