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Which perturbation structure grows fastest in a baroclinic environment?

  • A.A random perturbation
  • B.A structure confined to the boundary layer where the frictional convergence is able to intensify it
  • C.A westward tilted structure aligned against the shear
  • D.A vertically upright structure whose amplitude is greatest at the level of the jet core above the surface

Answer: C

Singular vector calculations show that the fastest growing perturbations tilt westward against the shear, exactly as baroclinic instability theory requires. Ensembles are often initialised using such structures to sample the directions of most rapid error growth. Random perturbations grow far more slowly, and upright or boundary layer confined structures gain little from the baroclinic mechanism. The quantity that varies and the quantity that does not are worth naming before any substitution is attempted.

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