Discussion
A biopsy shows fragmented nuclei and DNA laddering. Which process is occurring ?
Answer: B
The process is apoptosis.
In apoptosis (programmed cell death), caspases activate endonucleases that cut DNA between nucleosomes into fragments of about 180-200 base pairs and multiples of that. On a gel these give the typical 'ladder'. The nucleus condenses (pyknosis) and breaks into fragments (karyorrhexis), and the cell splits into apoptotic bodies without inflammation.
Necrosis breaks DNA randomly and gives a smear, not a ladder, and it causes inflammation. Reversible injury does not fragment the nucleus. Inflammation is a tissue response, not a pattern of nuclear breakdown.
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