Discussion
What bias condition defines saturation?
Answer: D
In saturation both junctions are forward biased, the collector can no longer take all the carriers offered, and the collector-emitter voltage falls to a few tenths of a volt. The collector current then depends on the external circuit rather than on the base current, which is precisely what a switching application wants. Recognising saturation from the junction biases rather than from a current ratio is more reliable, because the ratio is what breaks down there.
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