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Why are the common-emitter output characteristics not quite horizontal?

  • A.Beta falls at high collector current densities
  • B.The Early effect widens the depletion region
  • C.The base current rises with collector voltage
  • D.Leakage doubles for every ten degrees of rise

Answer: B

The Early effect narrows the effective base as collector voltage rises, so beta creeps up and the characteristic slopes gently. Base current is held constant along each curve by definition, leakage is a temperature matter, and the fall in beta at high current bends the curves at the top rather than tilting them. That small slope is the whole of a transistor's output resistance, and it sets the maximum gain a single stage can reach. The shared properties explain why these schemes form a family, and the differences explain why more than one exists.

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