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What limits the maximum voltage gain a single common-emitter stage can reach?

  • A.The base spreading resistance of the device
  • B.The device's own output resistance
  • C.The available collector supply voltage
  • D.The current gain of the device in use

Answer: B

Even with an infinite load resistor the gain saturates at the transconductance times the device's output resistance, which is the Early voltage divided by the thermal voltage - a few thousand. The supply voltage limits the swing rather than the gain, beta does not appear in the expression, and base resistance affects bandwidth and noise. A limit that survives making the external components ideal is an intrinsic device limit, and that is what makes it worth knowing.

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