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Which arrangement removes the swing penalty of the emitter resistor?

  • A.A stiffer divider feeding the base of the stage
  • B.A collector resistor reduced in the same proportion
  • C.A separate negative supply for the emitter
  • D.A larger bypass capacitor across the existing emitter resistor

Answer: C

Returning the emitter resistor to a negative supply rather than to ground lets it drop several volts while the emitter still sits near earth, so the whole positive supply remains available for the collector to swing into. A bypass capacitor addresses the gain, not the headroom; a stiffer divider addresses beta dependence; and reducing the collector resistor reduces the gain. Spending a second supply to escape a compromise is exactly the trade integrated circuits make, which is why dual rails are so common there.

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