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Consider the following statements about the emitter resistor.

1. It stabilises the operating point against beta and temperature

2. It reduces the signal gain unless bypassed

3. It consumes supply voltage that would otherwise be available for swing

Which of the statements given above is or are correct?

  • A.1 and 2 only
  • B.2 and 3 only
  • C.1 and 3 only
  • D.1, 2 and 3

Answer: D

All three are correct, and together they are the complete account of one component: one benefit and two costs, one of which a capacitor can remove and one of which nothing can. That the swing penalty is the irreducible cost is what makes a negative supply attractive when headroom is tight. A component with three distinct effects has to be judged on all of them rather than on the one it was added for. Framing the question as which quantity the change acts upon makes the answer follow without calculation.

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