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Vortex generators fitted ahead of a control surface work by

  • A.Making the boundary layer laminar
  • B.Reducing the local skin friction
  • C.Thickening the boundary layer deliberately
  • D.Mixing high-momentum air towards the wall

Answer: D

Each generator sheds a small streamwise vortex that stirs faster-moving air down towards the surface, re-energising the layer so it can survive a stronger adverse gradient. They are a cheap retrofit and are widely used to cure buffet or restore control authority.

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