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Assertion (A): Surface roughness always increases skin-friction drag.

Reason (R): Roughness elements buried within the laminar sublayer never meet the turbulent flow.

Select the correct answer from the options below.

  • A.Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A
  • B.A is true but R is false
  • C.A is false but R is true
  • D.Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Answer: C

The assertion is false and the reason is true, and the reason is what refutes it. So long as the roughness is smaller than the sublayer the surface is hydraulically smooth and no drag penalty appears. Only once the elements protrude does the friction climb.

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