Discussion
Assertion (A): X-ray diffraction can distinguish quartz from cristobalite although the two have identical chemical compositions.
Reason (R): Diffraction responds to the arrangement of the atoms rather than to which elements are present.
Answer: B
Correct answer: Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
Both are true and the reason gives the principle. Diffraction measures the spacings between planes of atoms, and quartz and cristobalite arrange the same silica units differently, so they give quite different patterns. An elemental technique such as X-ray fluorescence would report both as pure silica and could not tell them apart - which is why phase and composition are separate questions needing separate instruments.
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