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Find out which of the following is not included in the Buddhist classification of anumāna ?

(1) Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa Anumāna
(2) Svabhāvānumāna
(3) Anyathānupapanna anumāna
(4) Anupalabdhi anumāna

Options :

  • A.(1) and (3)
  • B.(1), (2) and (3)
  • C.(2) and (4)
  • D.(2), (3) and (4)

Answer: A

The kinds not in the Buddhist classification are (1) and (3).

Dharmakīrti recognises three kinds of valid reason: identity of nature (svabhāva), effect (kārya) and non-apprehension (anupalabdhi). So inference from one's own nature (2) and from non-apprehension (4) are Buddhist kinds.

Sāmānyatodṛṣṭa is one of the three kinds of inference in the Nyāya Sūtra (with pūrvavat and śeṣavat), and 'anyathānupapanna', the reason that is otherwise impossible, is the Jaina definition of a valid reason. That rules out the options including (2) or (4).

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