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Three of the following are modes of internal climate variability. Which is the odd one out?

  • A.the North Atlantic Oscillation
  • B.the Pacific Decadal Oscillation
  • C.the long rise of carbon dioxide
  • D.the El Nino Southern Oscillation

Answer: C

Correct answer: the long rise of carbon dioxide

The rise in carbon dioxide is an external forcing imposed on the system, not an internal mode. The other three are genuine internal modes: patterns of redistribution within the coupled ocean and atmosphere that move heat and rainfall about without changing the total energy of the system. That is the distinction between something that changes the climate and something that reshuffles it.

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