Discussion
Match each forcing or variability with its nature.
List I
A. Orbital changes
B. Volcanic aerosol
C. El Nino
D. Greenhouse gas emission
List II
1. internal variability of the coupled system
2. external, on timescales of tens of thousands of years
3. external and anthropogenic
4. external, with an effect lasting a few years
Answer: D
Correct answer: A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
Two questions separate these: is the cause outside the climate system, and on what timescale does it act. Orbital changes are external and act over tens of thousands of years. Volcanic aerosol is external and lasts a few years, until it settles out of the stratosphere. Greenhouse gas emission is external and anthropogenic. El Nino is not a forcing at all - it is the coupled system rearranging heat within itself.
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