Discussion
Arrange the components of the climate system in order of increasing response time.
1. the deep ocean
2. the atmosphere
3. the large ice sheets
4. the ocean mixed layer
Answer: C
Correct answer: 2 - 4 - 1 - 3
The order follows heat capacity and mixing rate: the atmosphere responds in days, the ocean mixed layer in months to years, the deep ocean over centuries, and the ice sheets over millennia. The practical consequence is that the system responds to a forcing on many timescales at once, so the warming already committed by past emissions continues long after the emissions themselves change.
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